Effective Altruism is a philosophy and social movement that aspires to 'most effectively' benefit others, by comparing the benefit of one action to the counterfactual benefit of another action. For example, an effective altruist would argue that working for a charity is less beneficial than working in a high earning profession and donating a portion of those earnings to charity. In particular, effective altruists follow a utilitarian metric in their charitable endeavours.

Papal infallibility is a doctrine in Catholicism that holds that the Pope is incapable of error when making pronouncements about God and the Church. The doctrine is based on the Church's claim that the papacy was founded by Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ and one of the leaders of early Christianity.

Since coming to power in 2015, Poland's right-wing Law and Justice Party has introduced judicial reforms infringing on the independence of the Polish court system. These include laws weakening the power of the Constitutional Tribunal, which reviews the constitutionality of legislation, and laws allowing the President and Parliament to unilaterally dismiss judges and force courts to reopen cases decided years earlier. In response, leaders of the European Union have threatened to review Poland's voting rights on the European Council, the body which directs EU foreign and economic policy and appoints key members of the EU leadership.

Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) is a hypothetical form of climate engineering involving the release of gases into the atmosphere in an effort to reduce temperatures and mitigate the effects of global warming. The release of these aerosols would delay rises in temperature by a number of decades at a relatively low cost, providing a "grace period" for a worldwide transition to clean energy. However, possible side effects include the depletion of the ozone layer, increased occurrences of extreme weather events and increases in global average temperatures in the long term. Moreover, SAI has the potential to radically interfere with the ordinary functioning of ecosystems.

Vikki is a progressive woman in her mid-twenties who has been in a happy heterosexual relationship with Barnaby for 3 years. Vikki generally finds the relationship emotionally fulfilling and supportive, and believes that Barnaby would be a good life partner, however she no longer finds sex to be as satisfying as she would like and has experienced significantly better sex with former partners. She estimates that she does not orgasm in the majority of instances when they have sex.

In public policy, a sunset clause is a measure within a statute that provides that the law will cease to have effect after a specific date, unless further legislative action is taken. The duration of a sunset clause is at the discretion of legislative bodies, so the expiry dates can vary.